Perception of Reality Essay Example For Students

Perception of Reality Essay What is real? Our perception of reality is often in the hands of the community we live in. We formulate ideas of reality using experience of our own as well as those of others around us. Our lives are constantly being influenced by our surroundings. The idea that our perception of reality is determined by the consensus of our community can be seen throughout history, movies and literature, as well as our personal lives. During the Holocaust, in the movie Stigmata, and in my personal experience in boarding school, my perception as well as the cognition of others were shaped by the community associated with the situation. Throughout history many events have occurred involving false perceptions of reality. The holocaust is a great example of the community molding the perception of the individuals within the society. Adolph Hitler, for example, used the media to degrade darker skinned races. The media convinced people that the darker skinned race hurts their community and economy, and genocide was a necessary action. The people of that time based their perception of reality on what they heard from the media, and from leaders of their country. A movie that I have recently seen changed my perception of reality in a religious aspect. The movie is titled Stigmata, and the message that the movie portrays involves criticizing the Catholic Church. This film implies that the Church is not necessary to worship God because God is everywhere and in all aspects of life. According to the movie the Church is aware of this, however, and they refuse to tell the people because they will loose power if the members of the Catholic community become aware that they have false perceptions. Within the movie, in a religious aspect, the perception of reality of the Catholic society is completely shaped by the Catholic Church. Believers of Catholicism will modify their own perception of religion depending on the messages that the Church portrays to them. The church has great power over the beliefs of its religious followers. On more of a personal level, after watching this movie, my views regarding the purpose of the Church were slightly altered. I questioned and thoroughly thought of the Church and the reason for attending Mass on Sundays. I finally concluded that it is just a place where one can focus on religious thoughts without distractions from the outside world. Another situation where my community molded my perception of reality took place during my second year of high school. For my sophomore, junior, and senior years of high school I attended an international boarding school in Switzerland. Although it was an American school, the student body was composed of many different nationalities. These nationalities included students form Turkey, Taiwan, Japan, Korea, Spain, Venezuela, Brazil, Saudi Arabia, and many other countries. Prior to my sophomore year I had never before been so interactive with such a large diversity of people. The students in that school shaped my perception of how people of different countries were. For example, I assumed that the whole Turkish community acted like the Turkish people that attended our school. I somewhat stereotyped them on the basis of my experiences with them. The majority of the student body was very wealthy, being a very expensive school, and my initial feelings toward the Turkish students were that they acted conceded and arrogant. I then assumed all Turkish people acted similarly to the ones of our school. However, after visiting Turkey and having a Turkish roommate, I realized that my perception of reality was contrary to the truth. The students of other nationalities that I lived with similarly shaped my perception of reality. Stereotyping was a common practice at our school. Many of the students from countries other than the United States thought of all Americans as drugies. .u2eb6e83200b2d9371bcdf9d962c96297 , .u2eb6e83200b2d9371bcdf9d962c96297 .postImageUrl , .u2eb6e83200b2d9371bcdf9d962c96297 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u2eb6e83200b2d9371bcdf9d962c96297 , .u2eb6e83200b2d9371bcdf9d962c96297:hover , .u2eb6e83200b2d9371bcdf9d962c96297:visited , .u2eb6e83200b2d9371bcdf9d962c96297:active { border:0!important; } .u2eb6e83200b2d9371bcdf9d962c96297 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u2eb6e83200b2d9371bcdf9d962c96297 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u2eb6e83200b2d9371bcdf9d962c96297:active , .u2eb6e83200b2d9371bcdf9d962c96297:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u2eb6e83200b2d9371bcdf9d962c96297 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u2eb6e83200b2d9371bcdf9d962c96297 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u2eb6e83200b2d9371bcdf9d962c96297 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u2eb6e83200b2d9371bcdf9d962c96297 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u2eb6e83200b2d9371bcdf9d962c96297:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u2eb6e83200b2d9371bcdf9d962c96297 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u2eb6e83200b2d9371bcdf9d962c96297 .u2eb6e83200b2d9371bcdf9d962c96297-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u2eb6e83200b2d9371bcdf9d962c96297:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Cult Conversion: Freewill Or Brainwashing? Essay This perception was based on the actions of most of the American students. False perceptions such as these were customary throughout my high school life.The idea that the perception of individuals is shaped by the community they are associated with is accurate in most cases. Throughout my experiences I realized that being influenced by your surroundings is virtually unavoidable. To answer the question posed in

Should men get paternity leave from work free essay sample

In today’s world where gender equality is slowly  taking importance, men getting paternity leave does not seem like an alien idea. Maternity leaves are never objectionable however when it comes to paternity leaves it becomes one of the most controversial topics of all times. Reasons for maternity leaves are well justified as the women have to carry the child with them as part of their body until the child is born but there are justified reasons for the paternity leave as well. Men have just as much right, need and obligation to spend quality time bonding with and caring for a newborn. With families living isolated from close relatives, it may be difficult for the mother’s family to support her after the birth of the baby as was tradition. Now introducing paternity, the father can play this important role. Men should get paternity leave from work for a reasonable amount of time, because becoming a parent is a life-changing event that they need to be a part of. We will write a custom essay sample on Should men get paternity leave from work or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Statistics have proven that men that are an active part of their children’s births and are present for the few week after having a stronger bond with their children, making them better fathers, and giving the children a better environment to grow up in. When a woman gives birth to a child, it is emotionally and physically draining. If a father has an opportunity to stay home for the first couple of weeks to care for both his wife and his new child, it will make a world of difference. I don’t believe that paternity leave needs to be several months like maternity leave is. But giving men a few weeks will have a positive effect on home, family life, and happiness. Fathers can use that time to bond with their children while mothers rest and heal from having a baby. Fathers get to experience the joy of feeding, bathing, clothing, crying, soothing their children. It can give mothers time to her and the ability to take care of her personal need. Not only has that but given fathers the chance to give a helping hand around the house. It helps when mothers are recovering or suffering from the post partum depression. Sometimes taking care of a new born can be very overwhelming, it would be nice to have help with that. It shows that fathers are very aware of that hardship that comes along with raising a new born and maintain a healthy life. Also, allowing the man to be home with the baby (and possibly  mother) would allow a get family bonding experience and a lot of learning for both parents. It would open a lot of shared responsibilities for some couples. It would be great tool for discovering the new journey to have a baby.

Rainy days and Mondays - Emphasis

Rainy days and Mondays Rainy days and Mondays How many words can you use to say, Rain all day? A wet start to the day with some heavier bursts of rain around. It is likely to stay wet for much of the day with further rain at times. Nice work, BBC Weather.

Labor Economics and Welfare Economics Research Paper

Labor Economics and Welfare Economics - Research Paper Example Second, utility is interpersonally similar and can be summed up (Rothbard, 2006). Early labor economics began shortly after the Second World War with its analytical range emerging further from the field of conventional economics. As a result, economists found labor economics a hard domain in terms of explaining the term in a strict economic logic (Burns, 2012). Adam Smith first expressed support for the idea of economics in labor in his 1776 work â€Å"Wealth of Nations.† During the mid-1700s, traditional political economy was successful ad prevailing in the domain of economic hypothesis and review between the 1700s and 1800s (Winter-Ebmer, 2014). This economy operated on the basis that capitalist market powers work do not assure that employees will get equal portions of the output. Afterwards, David Ricardo and Karl Marx extended this classical economy and made labor economics reach its climax during the mid-1800s. Marx cultivated his labor hypothesis of value and utilization to show how employees get just a portion of their output, with the remaining portions creating an economic excess adopted by capitalists for the sustenance of their consumption and investment operations (Burns, 2012). Welfare economics had more supporters than labor economics, with economists and researchers such as William Stanley Jevons, Carl Menger and Leon Walras leading the way by spreading the idea of marginal utility. Daniel Bernoulli issued a validation of marginal utility in 1738 under his Expected Utility Theory and contributed significantly to Welfare economics (Devarajan, 2014). Lastly, economist Hermann Heinrich Gossen expounded on an overall hypothesis of marginal utility to help further welfare economics across Europe (Rothbard, 2006). Opponents of labor economics warned against misunderstanding the word â€Å"labor† as specially connected to understandings acquired from the fields of sociology, politics, and organizational culture (Burns, 2012).

Does competition affect social preferences in the context of a Essay

Does competition affect social preferences in the context of a bargaining game Discuss - Essay Example Economics approach on these social preferences assumes that people are rationale and prioritize their personal interests before those of the other people. On the other hand, bargaining games are defined as a situation whereby at least two or more players are required to get into a consensus concerning how to share a given amount of goods, money, opportunities, or any other resource that might be of common interest (Wilkinson and Klaes,   2008, p22). In bargaining games, both parties try their level best to get the most favorable deal by getting into a fair agreement with the other party. Bargaining in labor unions, directors’ negotiation for wage increase as well as dispute between two communities or parties over distribution of a certain resources, territories among other elements are good examples of bargaining games (Wilkinson and Klaes,   2008, p23). To explain how competition affects social preferences, the writer will first focus on the Ultimate Game model. Ultimatum Game (UG) refers to a popular test that is used to analyze specific bargaining behaviors. It is a test of self-interested model that involves two players interacting to decide how to share a given amount of money. The game is commonly applied in economic experiments and the condition behind the game is that the two players must not be familiar with each other and that the game must be played only once between these two particular players. In this case, one of the players becomes the proposer while the other one becomes the responder. Both the required to share a given amount of money with the proposer being the main determinant of the mode of division to be used. The responder is given an option of either accepting the proposer’s offer or declining it, in case the offer is accepted, both get the amount shared according to how the proposer had made the offer, if the respondent declines it, both parties walk away with nothing

Inpatient Falls In The Elderly Health And Social Care Essay

Inpatient Falls In The Elderly Health And Social Care Essay As in common with other European countries, the population of 65 years and above in the UK is predicted to increase from 16% in 2008 to 23% by 2033 .(Statistics, 2009)With the increasing population of elderly people, falls has become a major public health problem .(Masud and Morris, 2001). Falls and its related injuries can result in considerable negative effects for example mortality, morbidity and suffering physical and mental stress for older people and social and financial burden their family.(Skelton and Todd, 2004). Falls can also increase health care costs for hospitals and social services. In 2004-05, 60% of all cases from hospitals related to falls in the UK(Oliver.D et al., 2007). Approximately 30% of people aged over 65 years (Skelton and Todd, 2004)and 50% of people over 80 years(INSTITUTE, 1998) suffer at least one fall per year. Among them, 30% of elderly falls result in physical injury with 4% to 5 % having serious injuries(Nakai et al., 2006). Moreover, falls are the commonest cause of injury-related death in people over 75 years.(Masud and Morris, 2001). Inpatient falls Interestingly, falling rates vary across different settings(Sherrington.C et al., 2001). The incidence of elderly patients falling is almost 3 times higher in hospital and health care institutions than in those living in the community(American Geriatrics Society and American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons Panel on Falls, 2001).According to hospital statistics, inpatient falls are the commonest adverse events in hospital reports(Terrell et al., 2009). In the UK, 98% of NHS organisations providing inpatient care reported over 200,000 falls during a year period from September 2005 to August 2006. There are approximately 4.8 falls for every 1000 bed days.(Vass.C et al., 2009) 50% of elderly patient falls occur at the bedside(INSTITUTE, 1998) .There are many intrinsic factors attributed to inpatient falls such as patients age, level of orientation, underlying disease, drug history, gait and stability, bowel and bladder problems. Extrinsic factors can also affect inpatient falls for example- hospital equipment, patients room lighting and level of staff provided etc.(Tzeng et al., 2008) Elderly in-patient falls in hospital affect both patients and health service organisations. Patients can suffer serious injuries including fractures, subdural haematoma , excessive bleeding and even death(Hitcho et al., 2004). Falls can also have psychological consequences such as fear of falling, and loss of confidence that can result in poor quality of life(Gillespie. LD et al., 2009). Falls can be costly to health sector organisations and in 1999, cost  £ 981 million in NHS and Personal Social Services (Skelton and Todd, 2004). Thus, prevention of falls in the hospital setting is a major public health issue concerning patient safety, quality and cost-effectiveness of health sectors(Nakai et al., 2006, Hitcho et al., 2004). Falls and their related injuries are complex and falling is a multifactorial phenomenon (Sherrington.C et al., 2001). .It is needed to understand more about the important risk factors of inpatient falls and see if they can be managed better on the ward. Previous researches also suggested to identify those who are at risk of falling in hospitals. Aim of the study to describe the pattern of falls among the inpatients in the Elderly wards of Nottingham University Hospital, NHS trust Objectives of the study to describe the demographic characteristics of inpatients who fall to identify the time and location of the inpatient fall to describe the nature of injury due to fall to specifically examine the movement of patients who fell (two hours before and after the incident) to identify the level of staffing at the time of when the inpatient fall occurred Methods The Data set The REFINE study is a randomised control trial which aims to reduce inpatient fall successfully and cost-effectively by using pressure sensor-pager technology. This detects pressure changes when the patient moves from the bed or bedside chair and then activates an alarm to a handled pager carried by nursing staff. Patients from five acute elderly wards in Nottingham University Hospital, NHS Trust are eligible for this study. Patients are randomised to pressure sensors or to usual care (i.e no alarm). Patients who are randomised to the intervention arm receive bedside chair and bed pressure sensors for the duration of their hospital stay. Patients who are permanently bed bound before admission, unconscious or receiving terminal care or previously participated in the study in an earlier admission are excluded from the study. This trial commenced in November 2008. From this time onwards, approximately 44 cases of inpatient falls has occurred among both arms of the study. Baseline data is collected by face to face interview or from patients medical and nursing notes and /or carer . These data involve demographic and residential details, reasons for admission, time of admission ,previous history of fall and fracture, mobility and transfer before the illness(measured by the Barthel ADL index), 30 point Mini Mental Stare examination and Health related quality of life measured using the EuroQol EQ -5D. Study population The cases of inpatient falls from the intervention arm which have already been documented in the REFINE trial from the time of commencement to January 2010 will be the study population of this study. Method 1 : For the objective 1 Demographic data of the particular fall patient including- age, sex, previous medical history, previous history of fall, reason for admission an residential detail will be used from baseline data recorded in the REFINE trial. Method 2 : For the objective 2 Time of the inpatient fall is recorded by the pressure sensor output. Both time and location of the inpatient fall are noted down in the patient safety incident form by the nurse. The author will use these incident forms of REFINE dataset to identify this. Method 3 : For the objective 3 The nature of injury due to fall in this study will be classified into abrasion, bruise, swelling, cut, laceration, dislocation, fracture or muscle sprain or strain. This information is also recorded in the patient incident form where the author will collect. Method 4 : For the objective 4 The frequency of position changes of the patients who fell including off and on the bed and bedside chair will be examined from 2 hours before and 2 hours after the fall. The sensor output will be used to obtain these data. Method 5 : For the objective 5 Number and skill mix of ward staff at the time of occurrence of the inpatient fall will be described by using the duty roster of staff. Analysis All analyses will be performed using SPSS version 16.0.Descriptive analysis will be conducted first to explore the characteristics of the study participants. Mean, standard deviation or median and IQ ranges will be used to summarise the continuous data such as age and time when fall happened. Binary variables such as sex will be summarised by proportion or percentage. Residential detail will be categorised into three groups as follows- home, nursing institutions and transfer from other wards such as surgical wards and then will be summarised by percent. Approximations of the risk of fall with P-value, Chi-square and Chi-square test for trends will be calculated among categorical variables such as sex, residential details. Fisher exact test will be used when Chi-square test is not appropriate Ethics Written, informed consent has already been obtained from the patients, or from ward staff if the patients were unable to understand the nature of consenting to research. The REFINE study was approved by Nottingham Research Ethics Committee 1 on 23rd May 2008. Time Table 21st January Peer review of the project 9th February Final protocol completed.(Landmark 2) From Landmark 2 to mid April Activity Initial Descriptive and simple analysis of data and writing literature review Output- Draft Literature review to supervisors From mid April to June 3rd Activity further analysis of dataset Output- Initial result of data analysis and poster/presentation of the project conference on 3rd June From 4th June to the end of June Activity write methods and result section , consider study findings, implications, weakness and strengths Output- First draft of method and result section to supervisors From 1st July to mid July Activity write the discussion Output- first draft of complete dissertation to supervisors From mid July to 16th August Activity Improving draft with support from supervisor Output final dissertation completed.

Coram, Robert Boyd: The Fighter Pilot Who Changed the Art of War

A biography of Col. John Boyd, Coram’s book reads much like the collection of interviews that it is. He gives the impression that if the reader happened upon any of these characters at happy hour, the stories would be identical. Dispersed throughout the book is a supply of background information and context, glimpses and bits about family life, and a very understandable layman’s introduction to the scholarly work of John Boyd. Coram is an ex-newspaper man that has recently produced two military biographies. He lays out for his reader not only the successes of John Boyd, but the rough edges of the man as well. The brilliance that brought the engineering world the Energy-Maneuverability equations was balanced by Boyd’s egoism and anti-authoritarianism. Coram’s objective seems to be to reveal a principle regarding brilliant personnel: that they are invaluable to any organization, providing the leadership can stomach their idiosyncrasies. Coram sets his Boyd biography up in three sections: Fighter Pilot, Engineer and Scholar. The three sections are based on the three major accomplishments of Col. Boyd. As a fighter pilot, Boyd used his creative intellect to develop advanced techniques and tactics, based on his subconscious knowledge of the workings of maneuverability based on available energy. As an engineer, Boyd codified the principles of energy-maneuverability, and evaluated all of the fighter aircraft of the time using the equations he developed. This evaluation, although looked upon skeptically at the time, has been proven to be accurate, and the E-M theory continues to be used to both evaluate and design aircraft. As a scholar, Boyd evaluated decision-making and came up with the ODDA loop. (Observe, Orient, Decide, Act) This concept is a simple diagram of the decision making process, and has been disseminated widely, with variations, all the way from the military to driver training curriculum. A variation of the model is called IPDE; Identify, Predict, Decide, Execute. An old adage says that a man’s best work is done after 50, and I believe that John Boyd validated it. His Destruction and Creation essay, which Coram includes at the end of the biography, is a masterful assembly of the concepts of the Heisenberg Principle and Thermodynamics, applied to a type of his decision-making theory. Concepts of the present system of thought, combined with concepts from multiple other disciplines, can be creatively made into a composite that is more than the sum of the pieces used, and useful for further evaluation. This is essentially the synthesis used in the development of the E-M theory equations. Coram deals as respectfully as possible with the dysfunctional family life of Boyd. Several passages leave the reader deeply saddened that such a brilliant man could be at the same time so base. He also presents the distinct probability that Boyd’s personality and fighter-pilot approach to obstacles caused as many personal difficulties as it remedied. Coram also reveals the truth that presentation is paramount; as Boyd’s abrasive presentation of his ideas initially caused much individual resistance, and his masterful presentation of his ideas later on was the main reason that they became widely adopted. Altogether, a well written biography, that leaves my wishing I had sat thru at least a few happy hours with Col. Boyd and his associates, if only to hear the tall tales of a meritorious veteran warrior-scholar. Coram brings John Boyd to the reader as he was; brilliant, dauntless, abrasive, even offensive, but loyal to his cause and his message. He leaves the reader with the nagging question: Am I going to Do something, or be content to Be somebody?